Recruiting and Selecting Employees Who Look Good and Sound Right Essay Example for Free

Enrolling and Selecting Employees Who Look Good and Sound Right Essay Present day business industry is profoundly subject to the general accomplishment of the individuals inside associations who are usually alluded to as the human asset. Essential to note is that the human asset prospect is characterized under two classifications inside some random association; right off the bat there is simply the workers of an association and furthermore the individuals in the board who are liable for advancing the estimations of the association through guaranteeing that human viewpoints inside an association are acceptably dealt with (Fernandez-Araoz, Groysberg and Nohria 2009 ). Concerning the previously mentioned subtleties, the human asset office is typically entrusted with the obligation of acquiring new representatives whose aptitudes sets suit an organization’s order and qualities by and large through a thorough enrollment and determination process. During the enlistment and choice procedure of prospecting workers, organizations typically set out on a chasing strategic the crã ¨me de la crã ¨me who are accessible in the pursuit of employment advertise. How a person who is in quest for an opening for work dresses and conveys themselves in a meeting and further their conversational aptitudes incredibly decide if an association will employ them; this is what is portrayed as looking great and sounding right in this paper. How a worker is dressed demolishes into how they think and interrelate with clients in an association in this way offering quality administrations and making a helpful business condition consequently. The hidden sections of this paper will be enthused about pondering the possibilities and impacts of dressing brilliant and sounding right with a surmising on investigation and aggregations from different scholastic written works on a similar subject while simultaneously representing the impacts of looking great and sounding directly through the perspective or authoritative models. Having a human asset that thinks right and has a choice enlistment methodology set up is the thing that characterizes organization’s serious edge in the current market; it is each organization’s dream that its employee’s appearance impacts how the clients identify with the organization on a more extensive point of view in this manner advancing their image over the long haul (Warhurst 2012) . The possibility of looking great and sounding right inside associations Human asset professionals will consent to the way that a lot of time goes into exercises and procedures identified with enlisting and choosing new staff for a specific situation in an association. Numerous on occasion the long spans attached to enrollment are associated with the perfect of organizations to not just need to hotspot for staff who are proficient about what their organizations bargain in yet additionally look like any given brand and are effectively agreeable by clients. Staff choice during an enlistment procedure of an association is one of the most crucial choices that the associations need to embrace to guarantee that their ordinary tasks are running easily (Taylor 2008). Organizations need to comprehend what they are unmistakably searching for in a representative before marking them up, not just how scorching the aptitudes of an individual looking for work look will decide the drawn out achievement of an association and enrollment of the right individual yet addition ally the most significant perspective is what they look like and how they convey themselves while talking with clients in a real business setting (Quast 2012). It is important that associations have frameworks and an enrollment procedure set up which is fit for getting to how the candidates of a specific employment opportunity depict these characteristics before their full time ingestion by any association. Take the instance of Richer Sounds an electrical retail chain store with more than 53 stores the country over: it has set up a three phase enlistment process for new staff looking for any openings for work inside the organization. The primary phase of enlistment includes situation of promotions at the stores windows and furthermore through the organization site where individuals who are intrigued are mentioned to email a CV to the organization. The previous sort of notice basically targets individuals who focus on their image and clients who are normal guests to the shop in this manner are educated about the items (Fisher 2014). Then again, the last notice is expected to take care of a more prominent pool of candidates regardless of thei r nature with Richer Sounds items. Considering the promotion procedures forced now, it is clear that an extraordinary pool of candidates will be marked; the most essential piece of this underlying stage is shown through a store manager’s introductory meeting who is enthused about arranging the candidates to stay with the individuals who look like it through investigation of their clothing regulation and character. Activities executive John Clayton recommends that, â€Å"Richer sounds enlists based on character afterwards train for aptitudes (Martin and Whiting 2010).† These example banners a situation where individuals get got to based on what they look like even before an organization investigates and considers an individual’s capabilities. Second in line of the enrollment system is a paid preliminary day for a candidate which in certain conditions extends past the one day time frame. Here, the candidate is gotten to on whether they are steady in their dressing and how they sound while chatting with clients. Endless supply of the preliminary stage, different individuals from a specific store are solicited on their conclusion from their opinion of a newcomer and whether they typify the company’s part of looking great and sounding right (Nickson and Dutton 2005). Toward the end in line of the enlistment procedure is stage three where an applicant’s capabilities are presently gotten to perceive how appropriate they are for the activity in the wake of thinking about that the individual’s character is reasonable for Richer Sounds. From the Richer Sounds case, it is clear that the manner in which organizations approach their enlistment forms throughout the years has incredibly spun and now organizations a re enthused about how an individual looks and how their discussions sound before clients. Independent of the expenses of enlistment, organizations are happy to dive profound into their money related coffers so they can get the correct gathering of workers; Williamson contends that, â€Å"it is apparently increasingly costly employing incorrectly individuals in an association rather than the expense of having a rigid enrollment methodology set up that is tedious (McMillan 2014).† Richer Sounds is only one among the numerous organizations that are presently disposed towards getting to candidates for employment opportunities on the grounds of what they look like and lavishness they execute through their discussions with clients. On a more extensive point of view, how an individual looks impacts the tasks of individuals inside various associations; significant during the time spent upholding for representatives who look great is a business who serves up to their promise of advancing brilliant dressing for the working environment by driving as the genuine represetative of what their image ought to be characterized as. Looking great while seeking after an opening for work has constructive effects and a higher likelihood one will accomplish the activity, individuals will attribute great characteristics on the possibility of your apparent appearance along these lines need to consistently connect their organization with a person who looks great. A Macquarie University research completed in both the United Kingdom and United States recommends that looking great improves the odds of one scoring an opening for work and furthermore is liable for boosting one’s vocation once they are utilized in various associat ions (Arkin 2007). The exploration further proposed that workers who look great and sound right are typically appraised exceptionally by their managers and the likelihood of them losing their positions is generally negligible. Fundamentally, looking great pulls in a heap of premium prizes for both the individual and association everywhere though the individuals who are ugly and have a poor character by and large miss out on a few openings for work (Boxall 2008). Also, having set up an unmistakably characterized staff is the key segment that guarantees clients to a specific association have a plainly characterized experience that warrants their returning for similar administrations by and by and thusly makes a strong positive interior culture of an association. It is perfect that associations have a culture that current workers are knowledgeable with so when the enrollment procedure for new staff is started, it is one that runs easily. Newcomers to some random association should discover set up, a culture where staff are generally fashionable and talk phenomenally with clients in this way inciting a simpler changing procedure for new staff into the activities of an association. Proficiently articulating a specific clothing regulation for existing staff is key in deciding and sourcing for newcomers who will advance a similar culture and effectively get acclimatized with the acts of some random association which consequently will yield positive outcomes for a similar organization (Churchard 2010). Without a doubt, a few situations inside an association do require workers with a specific arrangement of abilities typically characterized as understanding and capabilities for a particular activity yet setting out a chase on this premise is the initial step that associations for the most part make during their enrollment procedure; organizations ought to take care of the enlistment procedure with an alternate recognition where the individual’s character is surveyed for they are getting tied up with the person’s character and not their capabilities. Having both this characteristics is an or more for any prospecting worker and is a certain joined bundle to score one an occupation (Faccini and C 2010). Seemingly,

4 mistakes bosses make when hiring new employees

4 slip-ups managers make while recruiting new workers When you’re prepared to recruit another worker, it can feel like the finish of a long and debilitating procedure. You’ve conversed with bunches of individuals, you’ve read incalculable resumes, and you could be under a period crunch just to get somebody in and working. There’s most likely strain to wrap things up. All things being equal, as you prepare to recruit and installed new workers, it’s essential to ensure you’re evading a portion of the quite basic mistakes.Mistake: Over-dependence on first impressionsWhen employing, numerous individuals like to go with gut nature when they meet an applicant. In any case, would you say you are recruiting this individual since you like them, or in light of the fact that they’re really the most ideal individual for the activity? Prior to causing an offer, to do a cautious survey of how the individual addresses your issues for the activity. On the off chance that they miss the mark in certain zon es (however your nature is that they can learn or develop to adjust), ensure that potential is grounded in actuality not simply unrealistic reasoning. So don’t rebate your initial introduction totally, however do a few gut checks en route to ensure you truly accept they’re the correct individual for the role.Mistake: Not planning everybody for the new arrivalIt’s not exactly equivalent to sitting a child down and disclosing that he’s going to have another sibling or sister, yet the elements don’t fundamentally change such much from adolescence to adulthood. Your group presumably knows you’ve been hoping to recruit a renewed individual, yet the â€Å"okay, it’s done, here’s your new coworker† approach can feel jarring.If you can, include colleagues in the employing procedure, regardless of whether they don’t have any last say in the choice. You can even now have them meet with the competitor during the meeting proc edure and request criticism. Before the new individual beginnings, ensure everyone’s got an essential thought of who the new colleague is. A â€Å"get prepared to invite X! He will be taking a shot at these tasks, and I hear he plays a mean cello† email can help break the ice and get ready individuals for their new colleague.This goes for the new individual also the person in question ought to get a concise diagram of the group, who does what, and what the gathering desires are. Beginning in a new position can feel sufficiently overpowering, yet knowing somewhat about what the individual is strolling into can help facilitate the transition.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Mistake: Not characterizing desires for the activity and supervisor representative relationshipJob meetings can be so centered around the on-paper necessities for the activity that a portion of the relational parts can get lost. When you’re talking with somebo dy and it’s liable to advance to a bid for employment, ensure they comprehend what your job as the supervisor seems to be, just as your needs and desires for the activity. Once more, the more you can tell them in advance, the simpler it will be to change the ideal individual into the job. Or if nothing else distinguish potential warnings or clashes before it’s too late.Mistake: Expecting flawlessness from Day OneYou’re recruiting somebody qualified for the activity, as decided from the exhaustive screening of the employing procedure. So this individual ought to be prepared to shake it on the very first moment, isn't that so? Yes†¦ and no. While you shouldn’t lower desires for the individual in the job, it’s critical to recollect that there’s an expectation to absorb information in any new position. Regardless of whether the individual held a fundamentally the same as occupation at an alternate organization, there’s still the pote ntial barrier of new frameworks, new work environment elements and legislative issues, and distinctive priorities.Having another representative onboarding plan can support this. By envisioning the things that the new individual should learn and ace over a specific measure of time (like procedures, frameworks, programming, and so on.), you can help oversee desires your own and theirs.Putting some additional idea and arranging into your fresh recruit currently will assist you with maintaining a strategic distance from certain migraines and false impressions down the line. Furthermore, take a gander at it along these lines: the better this change goes, the more probable it is that you’ll have flourishing, fulfilled workers, and more outlandish that you’ll be experiencing a similar procedure again sooner than you’d trust.

7 Graphic Design Secrets Every Non-Designer Should Know

7 Graphic Design Secrets Every Non-Designer Should Know Whether youre designing a website, a flyer, or an invitation to a birthday party, there will likely come a time when youll need to know some of the basics of graphic designing to make your design visually appealing. Regardless of the software you use, odds are that youll be faced with a seemingly infinite number of fonts, clip art, colors and design elements that could potentially be used on your canvas. Its enough to make even the most creative non-designer overwhelmed!Some people are naturally gifted in knowing what placement and elements look best on a design project. For the rest of us, however, having an eye for design can take years of practice to develop. Thats why weve put together a list of tips from graphic design experts on the basics of design and ways to ensure that your project comes together exactly the way you envisioned it in your mind before you beganâ€"or maybe even better.1. Keep it in the (font) familyA common mistake non-designers make when designing an invitati on, sign, advertisement, web page, etc., is to include several different fonts. In addition to making your text harder to read, using too many fonts makes your design look unprofessional, cluttered and generally unappealing to the eye.As with any field, youll find varying advice, but graphic design experts tend to agree that you should limit your typeface to one fontâ€"two at most, and that could be pushing it. When you are selecting the typeface for your project, if you must use two different fonts, be sure to keep the fonts within the same font family so that they are similar in appearance. This goes for titles, headings, subheadings and paragraphs. Instead of using a different font for emphasis, increase the size of the lettering to make a certain word or phrase stand out from the rest. This simple change in scale is all the emphasis (or de-emphasis) youll need.2. Understand that your fonts speak volumesWhile we are discussing fonts, lets talk about which fonts to use. Its import ant to understand that the fonts you choose affect the overall message of the design. For example, rounded fonts evoke a friendly, happy feeling while fonts with multiple sharp edges have a stronger, more aggressive feel. In graphic design for marketing, if the service or product being sold is luxurious, the designer might consider using cursive fonts. Basically, choosing the right font involves choosing a font that reflects the message and feel of your overall design.The design experts at Canva, a web-based design program, provide the following analogy to demonstrate the importance of font choice:Designers (including Erik Spiekermann, Dan Mayer, and Jessica Hische) have been known to compare choosing fonts for design projects to choosing an outfit to wear. And its an apt analogy. Think about what your clothes might say about you: based on what you wear, people might rightly or wrongly make assumptions about your style, your personality, your socio-economic background, your age (or the age you wish you were), or the kind of impression you want to make. And different occasions and situations call for different apparel. You wouldnt wear a bathing suit to a job interview; then again, you wouldnt want to wear a suit and tie during your vacation on the beach either. Theres an element of appropriateness to consider.Canva3. Use scale and color for impactRemember when we discussed fonts and how to increase or decrease the scale of them for emphasis? The same holds true for any of the elements within your design. The best way to create impact in your message is to pay special attention to the scale and color of your text and its surrounding icons or photos. Poppie Pack, senior graphic designer for Canva, explains it like this:The size you apply to your type will also create typographic hierarchy, determining the order that your text is read. The colors you use for your text will also create hierarchy. Make sure you apply the strongest colors to the content you want rea d first. Try reducing the less significant text and increasing its letter spacing. This will fill space as well as creating flush lines.Poppie Pack4. Give each element its spaceOvercrowding images and text is another common mistake many non-designers make. And with all of the choices given in design programs, its an easy thing to do if youre not paying attention. Giving each element a little space to breathe (so to speak) will do wonders in making your design look more professional and easier to read.This is especially true with text. Dont crowd text too closely to make it fit. If youre limited on space and there is no way you can cut words in the text, make the font smaller instead of large and spaced too closely. The human eye cant read crowded text easily and needs to see space around elements (text or images) in order to distinguish the separation of the elements.You can look at a magazine or newspaper to see this in practiceâ€"the negative space in the margins and the spacing o f the text are fundamental in ensuring that the page is easy to read and pleasing to the eye. Well discuss more about whitespace (otherwise known as negative space) in tip #7.5. Simplicity is bestLeonardo Da Vinci, the famed painter, sculptor and inventor, once wrote that Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. Ask any professional graphic designer and they are likely to tell you that the simple designs are usually the hardest to create. In fact, at the heart of great graphic design is simplicity.This goes for your images as well as the text youve placed within the design. If there is an element or word that doesnt have to be there, take it out. If your message is short and simple, it is more likely to be read and draw attention.6. Use contrasting colorsContrasting colors stand out and capture attention, so light text against a dark background, or alternately dark text against a light background is a good rule to follow. This can be difficult if you are using a photo as your back ground and the photo has different colors or shades on it, but you can still find contrast by limiting the text to one area on the photograph. Another way to handle this is to create a translucent overlay to achieve contrast. Most photo editing software like PhotoShop can create this effect easily.7. White space is your friendAgain, consider Apples branding and their use of empty space to draw the eyes attention to their famous logo. Keep in mind that the negative space doesnt need to be literally white but empty space on your canvas is a good thing, so dont feel the need to fill it all with icons or text. The more stuff you put on your design, the less powerful it will be. Sometimes, this requires moving different elements around on your canvas to find the best way to create the space. However, as you do this, youll notice how different elements will draw your attention more based on where the empty space is.Also, reducing font or icon size to allow more space between lines of text allows for that text to stand out more and catch the eye. This same idea holds true if you have a lot of text and need to put it in columns. The more whitespace you can put between the columns, the better. This is often just a process of narrowing the columns.Anna Guerrero explains it this way:As easy as it can be to over-design, it is important to avoid needless clutter. White space funnels your eye towards the content and allows your message to stand out. Clarity doesnt mean boring design; rather a strong design will speak for itself rather grabbing for the audiences attention. Consider Apples branding and advertising. It utilizes large areas of white space to communicate a sense of simplicity and to reflect the user-friendliness of its products. Books and magazines are a great example of the importance of white space. The marginâ€"the blank area between the text and the edge of the pageâ€"makes reading dense copy much easier.Anna GuerreroReady to design?Obviously, you dont have to be a professional graphic designer to make your design project look great. If you pay attention to these seven concepts, its likely that no one will even know a non-designer created it!

Determining the Relationship between Postnatal Depression...

CHAPTER 4 4.1 Search Strategy The main purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between postnatal depression and peer support by way of reviewing primary research articles. The search strategy adopted for this study can be broken down into several steps. The key concepts and terminologies for the study were identified. The synonyms of the terms were then determined which were also included within the search terms. Boolean operators were the chosen search features. Databases from which the literature search would be conducted were chosen. Using Boolean operators, different search expression were created and the search conducted. The results were evaluated and the inclusion exclusion criteria applied to get the articles that†¦show more content†¦Term 1 Postnatal depression, postpartum depression, perinatal depression, PND, PPD Term 2 Peer Support, Social Support, lay Support Term 3 Relationship, link Term 4 New mothers, after childbirth, post delivery, afterbirth Table 4.2.2: showing the key terminology as identified by the PICO framework and their synonyms According to Kumar (2013), Boolean operators can be used to restrict and widen the search results in a systematic way. As such, different key terms as identified by the PICO framework were combined with different Boolean operators and the results obtained evaluated using the Inclusion exclusion criteria for their suitability as study articles. Some of the expressions there were generated from the combination of Boolean operators and the search terminology include â€Å"postnatal depression† OR â€Å"Postpartum depression† OR â€Å"perinatal depression† AND â€Å"peer support† OR â€Å"Social support† OR â€Å"lay support† AND â€Å"new mother† OR â€Å"After childbirth† OR â€Å"postdelivery† OR â€Å"afterbirth†. Postnatal depression OR Postpartum depression OR Perinatal depression OR PND OR PPD A N D Peer support OR Social support OR Lay support A N D Relation* OR link A N D New mother* OR After childbirth OR Afterbirth OR Post- Deliver* Table 4.2.3: Table showing the combination of search terminology and Boolean operators to generate search phrases 4.3 Databases used for Literature Search Two databases and two journalsShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Telephone Based Peer Support Intervention For Maternal Depression1436 Words   |  6 PagesTelephone-based Peer Support Intervention for Maternal Depression by Letourneau, N., et al. 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This is important to take into consideration because we have the ability to assess an individual’s vulnerability risk from a genetic standpoint, however, it can be quiteRead MoreComplex Patients Case 2 : Si Dysfunction And Lbp5175 Words   |  21 PagesComplex Patients Case 2 – SI Dysfunction and LBP Further Research David Bellisario, Konrad Koczwara, Erin Lee, Crystal Liang, Mary Richardson, Dimitri Simeakis and Andy Wayda Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and serious illness that affects 14% of women post childbirth.1 PPD is thought to evolve from neuroendocrine changes, such as pregnancy stress and personality predisposition.2 Women with PPD are likely to report symptoms that affect their physical functionalityRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pagesreproductive behaviour varies widely across countries and between subgroups in the same country. 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Secondly, there is Universal Coverage of health careRead MoreHealth And Life Style Of Graduate Students At Central Michigan University6928 Words   |  28 Pagescountry’s (Davis, Stremikis, Squires Schoen, 2014).The researchers mentioned above conducted survey by considering the physician and patient experiences on health care spending and taking into account Common Wealth Fund spending’s. The main differences between U.S and other ten industrialize countries was that those countries practices mainly preventive medicine where emphasis was laid on healthy lifestyle habits whereas U.S practiced curative medicine. Secondly, there is Universal Coverage of health careRead Morepharmacoeconomic Essay14259 Words   |  58 Pages7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands e-mail: l.m.g.steuten@utwente.nl applications of EVSI remain scarce. Methodological challenges to VOI are numerous and include the high computational demands, dealing with non-linear models and interdependency between parameters, estimations of effective time horizons and patient populations, and structural uncertainties. Conclusion VOI analysis receives increasing attention in both the methodological and the applied literature bases, but challenges to applyingRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesIV—QUALITY AND SURVEILLANCE TITLE V—OTHER PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Drug Discount for Rural and Other Hospitals; 340B Program Integrity Subtitle B—Programs Subtitle C—Food and Drug Administration Subtitle D—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Subtitle E—Miscellaneous DIVISION D—INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN LAWS TITLE II—IMPROVEMENT OF INDIAN HEALTH CARE PROVIDED UNDER THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT 2 DIVISION A—AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE CHOICES 3

An In-Depth Review of Star Reading Assessment Program

Star Reading is an online assessment program developed by Renaissance Learning for students typically in grades K-12. The program uses a combination of the cloze method and traditional reading comprehension passages to assess forty-six reading skills across eleven domains. The program is used to determine a student’s overall reading level as well as identify a students individual strengths and weaknesses. The program is designed to provide teachers with individual student data, quickly and accurately. It typically takes a student 10–15 minutes to complete an assessment, and reports are available immediately upon completion. The assessment consists of approximately thirty questions. Students are tested on foundational reading skills, literature components, reading informational text, and language. Students have one minute to answer each question before the program automatically moves them to the next question. The program is adaptive, so the difficulty will increase or decrease based on how a student performs. Features of Star Reading It is easy to set up and use. Star Reading is a Renaissance Learning program. This is important because if you have Accelerated Reader, Accelerated Math, or any of the other Star assessments, you only have to do the set up one time. Adding students and building classes is quick and easy. You can add a class of about twenty students and have them ready to be assessed in about 15 minutes.It correlates with Accelerated Reader. Many schools across the country use Accelerated Reader. To maximize the effect of Accelerated Reader, students should be limited to books that correlate to their specific Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Star Reading provides teachers with each student’s individual ZPD that can then be entered into the Accelerated Reader program to limit students to books that will not be too easy or too difficult for them to read.It is easy for students to use. The interface is plain and straightforward. This minimizes the chances for a student to be distracted. Student s have two choices when answering the multiple-choice-style questions. They can use their mouse and click on the correct choice, or they can use the A, B, C, D keys that correlate to the correct answer. Students are not locked into their answer until they click next or push the Enter key. Each question is on a one-minute timer. When a student has fifteen seconds remaining, a small clock will begin to flash at the top of the screen, letting them know that time is about to expire for that question.It provides teachers with a tool to easily screen and progress monitor students who need reading intervention. Star Reading comes with a screening and progress monitor tool that allows teachers to set goals and monitor a student’s progress as they move throughout the year. This easy-to-use feature allows teachers to quickly and accurately decide whether they need to change their approach with a particular student or continue doing what they are doing.It has an adaptable assessment ban k. The program has an extensive assessment bank that allows students to be assessed multiple times without seeing the same question. In addition, the program adapts to the student as they answer questions. If a student is performing well, then the questions will increasingly become more difficult. If they are struggling, the questions will become easier. The program will eventually zero in on the student’s correct level. Useful Reports Star Reading is designed to provide teachers with useful information that will drive their instructional practices. It provides teachers with several useful reports designed to assist in targeting which students need intervention and what areas they need assistance in. Here are four key reports available through the program and a brief explanation of each: Diagnostic: This report provides the most information about an individual student. It offers information such as the student’s grade equivalent, percentile rank, estimated oral reading fluency, scaled score, instructional reading level, and zone of proximal development. It also provides tips to maximize that individual’s reading growth.Growth: This report shows the growth of a group of students over a specific period of time. This period of time is customizable from a few weeks to months, to even growth over the course of several years.Screening: This report provides teachers with a graph that details whether they are above or below their benchmark as they are assessed throughout the year. This report is useful because if students are falling below the mark, then the teacher needs to change their approach ​with that student.Summary: This report provides teachers with whole group test results for a specific test date or range. This is very useful for comparing mul tiple students at one time. Relevant Terminology Scaled Score (SS)  - The scaled score is figured based on the difficulty of the questions as well of the number of questions that were correct. Star Reading uses a scale range of 0–1400. This score can be used to compare students to each other as well as themselves over time.Percentile Rank (PR) - The percentile rank allows students to be compared to other students nationally that are in the same grade. For example, a student who scores in the 77th percentile scores better than 76% of students in their grade but lower than 23% of students in their grade.Grade Equivalent (GE) - The grade equivalent represents how a student performs compared to other students nationally. For example, a fifth-grade student who scores a grade equivalent of 8.3 scores as well as a student who is in the eighth grade and third month.Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - This is the range of readability which a student should be required to select books. Reading in this range provides students with t he optimal opportunity to maximize reading growth. Books at this level are not too easy or too difficult for the student to read.ATOS  - A readability formula that uses average sentence length, average word length, vocabulary grade level, and the number of words to calculate the overall difficulty of a book. Overall Star Reading is a very good reading assessment program, especially if you already use the Accelerated Reader program. Its best features are that it is quick and easy to use for teachers and students, and reports can be generated in seconds. The assessment does rely too much on cloze reading passages. A truly accurate reading assessment would use a more balanced and comprehensive approach. However, Star is a great quick screening tool to identify struggling readers or individual reading strengths. There are better assessments available in terms of in-depth diagnostic assessments, but Star reading will give you a quick snapshot of where a student is at any given point.  Overall, we give this program 3.5 out of 5 stars, primarily because the assessment itself isn’t broad enough and there are times where consistency and accuracy are of concern.

Marginalization Needs An Insight English Literature Essay Free Essays

Nor is this contained in a watertight compartment of economic sciences but affects every facet of civilization. When this onslaught takes topographic point, the communities in The Bluest Eye and Windflower find themselves anomic and uprooted in a land which is every bit much theirs as of anyone. Here, in the clang of traditions and the intangible ways of life with the more concrete and productive system of the white, English community, it is the latter who assumes the cardinal place. We will write a custom essay sample on Marginalization Needs An Insight English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It adds to the female quandary and the turning realisation or the turning incomprehensibility that has a benumbing consequence which is the start of disaffection. Both Elsa and Pecola become alienated, and bit by bit, deranged. In her book Playing in the Dark: White and the Literary Imagination Toni Morrison inquiries the cannons of literary reading and apprehension of Africanism and says: As a disabling virus within literary discourse, Africanism has become, in the Eurocentric tradition favored by American instruction, both a manner of speaking about and a manner of patroling affairs of category, sexual licence and repression, the formation and exercising of power, moralss, and answerability. ( Morrison 1792 ) This misreading can is true even for the French-Canadian individuality represented by Gabrielle Roy and for the Eskimo civilization depicted by her in Windflower. This manner, these civilizations and their discourses are considered as peripheral or undistinguished. In instance of both Elsa neodymium Pecola, they are double marginalized, both as adult females and as members of marginalized communities. Pecola is of the black American community, with many privileges denied to her. Elsa ‘s status becomes clear with this remark by Allison Mitcham: Several outstanding modern-day Canadian novelists seem obsessed with the predicament of characters double isolated, characters who are isolated, foremost, from the two chief watercourses of Canadian civilization — the Gallic and the Englishaa‚ ¬ † because they have been born Indian, Eskimo or Jewish, and 2nd, isolated from their ain folk, group or race because, for assorted grounds, they reject their ain racial or tribal forms, or for some ground, can non conform to them. ( Mitcham 43 ) As such, corruption is inevitable to them. A precipitating point in this corruption is the sexual development of both. Before this point, the laterality of a system, an ordered societal hierarchy is already accepted by our supporters. In this, the two plants show non the out of ordinary, rebellious characters but an indictment of this order by demoing it as it is. The laterality of the system is such that the individualities of the two female supporters are already erased and when the sexual force occurs it leaves many ripplings in its aftermath. Rape is non an extraordinary occurrence in instance of both the communities. We know already in The Bluest Eye how Frieda and other misss are sexually harassed ; in Windflower excessively, colza is taken passively, philosophically, by the community. Of class in Pecola ‘s instance it is an incest-rape, by her ain male parent but the response of the community is rather indurate about Pecola, â€Å" Ought to be a jurisprudence: two ugly people duplicating up like that to do more ugly † ( Morrison 149 ) . Overtly, the society allows them to be, does non exorcize them, but covertly, has small agencies or desire to fault the perpetrators, allow entirely penalize them. In both Windflower and The Bluest Eye we find the pull of opposite forces in the hunt for individualities by the supporters from the Eskimo and the African communities. This consequences merely when a land becomes a battlefield of two postulating political orientations or of tradition with a strong capitalistic civilization. We find this capitalistic angle in both the novels. Dorothea Drummond Mbalia has really clearly done a Marxist reading of Morrison ‘s novels and contended that in her initial novels Morrison shows a turning consciousness of capitalist economy as the most powerful and destructive of Western forces that oppress the people of African heritage. Elsa ‘s love for her boy is unconditioned in malice of her colza by an American soldier and the divided consequence: her boy is half Caucasic, half ‘south ‘ . She wants to give him the benefits of the white, Western civilization and yet she wants to continue in him the North, Eskimo civilization. But this happy via media does non work. It is non merely something innate or familial in her boy that makes him portion off from her and her Eskimo civilization. The laterality of the ‘central ‘ white civilization with its attractive forces, cultural and economic artefacts and gear is such that Jimmy ‘s acceptance of the white civilization and rejection of the Eskimo ways is non surprising. In Pecola ‘s instance, the forms of laterality, non merely of the society, but besides through household, with a rummy for a male parent and an unloving female parent, are so overpowering that she can non afford to take or to reject. Pecola might hold been less unfortunate were she self-dependent in economic footings. She is in a worse status than Elsa, as her witting and subconscious have non become strong plenty to know apart or to judge. Unable to make up one’s mind, take or fly, she takes resort in a fetish, which provides but a impermanent consolation and erodes her active cognitive module. The support of sympathetic but immature and powerless friends like her does non work as a strong physical or mental support system against the oppressive worlds at place and in society. How to cite Marginalization Needs An Insight English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Roles of Teacher free essay sample

Roles and Responsibilities Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Roles and Responsibilities Frances Dow and DES Truman Many universities are privileged to have a large community of active, committed postgraduate students who are willing to undertake part-time teaching duties. Many are also in the fortunate position of being able to draw on other suitably qualified members of their local community, for example, clinicians and practising lawyers and accountants, to undertake part-time teaching roles. In a time of scarce resources, the contribution which these tutors, demonstrators, and other part-time staff make to the teaching provision of a university is not just valuable : it is vital. Without it, we would not be able to maintain the quality of the teaching which is such a distinctive feature of UK higher education. In any resource scenario, the standard and type of teaching which is offered to undergraduate students would be much diminished if tutors and demonstrators were not involved, for they can often fulfil some roles much more satisfactorily than more senior staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles of Teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course, their principal roles are the ones they share with all other teaching staff. There is, first, the academic role of supporting and enhancing student learning and, second, the pastoral role of enabling students to deal with their own personal and welfare concerns. Both of these are examined more fully in the rest of this chapter. But in addition, postgraduate tutors and demonstrators can have a special bridging role to play between the worlds of teaching and research, and they can often be very effective role models for first-degree students. Many universities in their mission statements have committed themselves to sustaining and developing teaching in a research-led environment, and it can often be postgraduates who, in their daily working lives, do most to bring these two aspects of universities work together. This is not because postgraduates are expected to make their research Tutoring and Demonstrating: A Handbook topics the focus of teaching far from it but because the commitment and enthusiasm which they bring to teaching is so very often a reflection of their intense interest in furthering knowledge and the understanding of it through research. They, much more than other staff members who are not so continuously active in research because of heavier teaching or administrative burdens, can give undergraduates an immediate sense of the excitement of discovery and of what it means to be at the cutting-edge of research. Thus, even though they have not been part of the academic world for as long as senior staff, postgraduate tutors and demonstrators are particularly good models for bringing home to others the importance of academic values and aspirations. In other words, they show very clearly what a university is about. Not all tutors and demonstrators are postgraduates, however. Many are drawn from the professions and thus provide a different, but equally important, bridge between the worlds of academic knowledge and day-to-day professional practice. In fulfilling these roles, part-time teachers do not and certainly should not act alone, nor should they imagine that there are no limits or boundaries to their responsibilities. In the academic and the pastoral roles especially, it is the student, and not the tutor, who has the ultimate responsibility for his or her own learning and personal welfare. In performing their duties, tutors and demonstrators can also expect support and help from the department in which they teach, and the next section in this chapter looks in more detail at the division of responsibilities between part-time staff and other members of their departments and universities. In the remainder of the chapter there is a short section on the tutors and demonstrators responsibilities in relation to devising a teaching programme, followed by another on problems 3 Chapter 2 Roles and Responsibilities associated with marking and assessment. Then the pastoral role is looked at briefly, and the chapter concludes by suggesting how part-time staff might begin to reflect on their personal priorities as they embark upon their teaching responsibilities. When any part-time tutor or demonstrator agrees to take on teaching duties in a department, that department has a responsibility to define the extent of these duties, and also to formalise arrangements concerning pay and hours of work. This is simply good professional practice, and no one should feel hesitant in asking for the following aspects of his or her responsibilities to be clarified in the form of a job description (see figure 1 for an example). If things are clear from the outset, it will help the parttime teacher orient him or herself in the life of the department and set up a good working relationship with other teaching staff. †¢ All tutors and demonstrators should be given a formal letter of appointment from the head of department or other organisation responsible for the teaching, and this should state the number of contact hours and the rate of pay. This rate may vary depending on the exact nature of the duties, and differs between tutors and demonstrators. Payment for giving a formal lecture (not normally asked of postgraduate tutors) is set at a higher rate than the standard tutorial rate, and this in turn is higher than the payment for certain types of language teaching for which little preparation is needed. The standard tutorial rate includes an element for preparation and other associated duties, as well as the actual contact hour, while the payment for demonstrators is solely for contact hours, on the grounds that the preparation required for demonstrating is significantly less than that for tutoring. Departments must spell out clearly which, if any, duties are associated with the teaching (practice will vary across an institution), and in particular they should make clear to tutors and demonstrators whether marking or other forms of assessment is included. If there is a requirement for the tutor to be available at set times to students for consultation, this should be taken into consideration in calculating payment. Part-time te aching staff should also be informed of how they will be paid at the end of each term is usual, but some departments may pay twice termly. †¢

Brief Look At Jewish History Essays - Zionism, Land Of Israel

Brief Look at Jewish History The Jews are a people with a multitude of dilemmas. From the Israelite tribes to the prosperous modern day Israel , bigotry towards the Jews has been greatly evident. The Jewish race has acted as Escape Goat for many crisis throughout history including the black plaque which swept across Europe in the 14th century. The establishment of Israel was a great incident was something the Jewish people were striving to obtain for generations. This, however, led to four major conflicts between Israel and the Arab countries. One of the most meaningful wars was the Six-Day War. Events such as the holocaust have also had a dramatic effect on world history and whose mysteries are still being unravelled. For twelve years following 1933 the Jews were persecuted by the Nazi's. Jewish businesses were boycotted and vandalized. By 1939,Jews were no longer citizens,could not attend public schools,engage in practically any business or profession, own any land, associate with any non-Jew or visit public places such as parks and museums. The victories of the German armies in the early years of World War II brought the majority of European Jewry under the Nazis. The Jews were deprived of human rights. The Jewish people were forced to live in Ghetto's which were separated from the main city. Hitler's plan of genocide was carried out with efficiency. The total number of Jews exterminated has been calculated at around 5,750,000. In Warsaw ,where approximately 400,000 Jews had once been concentrated,was reduced to a population of 60,000. They, virtually unarmed, resisted the German deportation order and had held back the regular German troops equipped with flame throwers,armoured cards, and tanks for nearly a month. This heroism was similar to the revolt which took place around 165BC. This uprising was led by the Maccabees, a provincial priestly family (also called Hasmoneans). They recaptured the Temple and rededicated it to the God of Israel. The Maccabees made there last ezd on a mountain and was able to hold back the syrians for more then a month. There is a distinct similarity between the two stories and that is possibly why they are both recognised as holidays in the Jewish faith. These horrific events of the holocaust have let to some consequences which are beneficial and some are unfortunate to the Jewish people. The population of the followers has greatly declined. Also the Jewish people after the war still had problems finding jobs. They had to essentially start there life over. Most of them lost a close relative or at least knew someone who died in the gas chambers of the Nazi concentration camps. This has put a psychological strain on Jewish survivors or no longer having family and friends with them for support. This event has awaken the world up to the needs of the Jewish people. It has given them political power and a justification for some of their actions. On May recognised,1945 ,the end of World War II was seen. Organized Jewry in the European continent was damaged beyond repair. The Jews concentrated on the preservation of Israel and on the bringing of Nazi war criminals to trial. There is a day of commemoration, Holocaust Day, observed in Israel and elsewhere on Nisan (April) 19 and 20. The date is considered the anniversary of the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The emergence of Israel as a Jewish state on the former territory of Palestine was the central political issue of the Middle East after World War II. A movement was established to work on the reestablishment of the Jewish national state of Israel. This movement was given the name Zionism. The Zionists were full of energy,enthusiasm, and skill which led to remarkable accomplishments. Israel was a modern European state in an underdeveloped area. This was the source of there problems and their achievements. The Jews received vast amounts of financial and military support from Western governments. The Israelis also benefitted from a highly trained and motivated citizenry to create a unique nation-state. It had taken the Zionists seventy years to purchase 7 per cent of Palestine. Now the UN was offering them another 50 per cent. The partition plan was objected by all of that Arab and Palestinian Arab governments. The Zionists excepted the plan. They however were upset that Jerusalem was excluded from the Jewish state. The Jews were the most fertile land including the citrus groves upon which the Arabs depended on for their living. Many of the nations of the world felt guilt or grief of the Hitler era. This is

American Policy that Best Describes Response to Terrorism essays

American Policy that Best Describes Response to Terrorism essays Prior to 9/11, terrorism was just another key problem in American policy and different agencies were tasked to curtail its growth and influence whether it is domestic or international terrorism. 9/11 changed the landscape to the point of having an all-source, central governing body that ensures 24/7 monitoring, prevention and stopping of all terrorist activities. The agency is the Department of Homeland Security tasked to coordinate defense against, and responses to, terrorist attacks on U.S. soil combining border control and consequence management functions as well as a coordinating entity the National Office for Combating Terrorism with broad international responsibilities (Perl, 2003). By aggregating the counterterrorism and anti-terrorism functions into one superbody, the previous problems with jurisdiction and turf wars amongst the FBI, DEA, ATF and other state and local police, intelligence and law enforcements agencies were solve. Hence, American policy in combating terrori sts and terrorism responded with a centralized collection, investigation and implementation agency that ensures all avenues are managed to contain the global threats of this 21st century menace. By combining all its resources into a single cabinet-level agency, the U.S. administration has been seen to have instituted a swift, wide-ranging and decisive (Perl, 2003) action plan that best responds to terrorist threats. The campaign involved rallying the international community, especially law enforcement and intelligence components (Perl, 2003). But despite this noteworthy action, American policy should still look at the root causes of some of the terrorist actions against itself and its citizens. Some sectors in the society especially Muslims and Arabs state that; The method the American administration has used in the war against terror may have complicated the situation even mor...

In the play Death of a Salesmen What is Miller's definition of the Essay

In the play Death of a Salesmen What is Miller's definition of the American Dream What does Miller suggest that the Am - Essay Example Throughout the text Arthur Miller never openly states his concept of the American Dream, instead demonstrating fallacies surrounding this concept. Still, it’s clear that in considering the cynical elements in relation to their positive converse, one is able to articulate a concept of Miller’s American Dream. In one of the most crucial scenes in the play, Willy Loman asks his boss for a raise. In a desperate plea to convince Howard, Loman relays an anecdotal tale. He states, And when I saw that, I realized that selling was the greatest career a man could want. ’Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four, into twenty or thirty different cities, and pick up a phone, and be remembered and loved and helped by so many different people? (Miller Act II, scene ii). This is a complex statement. In some regards, one can argue that Miller is implementing a touch of comedic irony in Loman’s overly enthusiastic support for his t raveling salesman job. However, in another context the job represents for Loman a partial realization of the American Dream. In this profession he has found a meaningful means of procuring a living.

Among chronic patients what is the effect of acupunture on the use of Essay

Among chronic patients what is the effect of acupunture on the use of narcotic over 30 days - Essay Example Appropriate tools for conducting the tests and measurement of results should be available. The primary care settings are an important feature in this undertaking (Perry G. F., 2010). Treating chronic pain conditions with long-standing doses or prescriptions of narcotic (e.g., morphine), anti-inflammatory (e.g., ibuprofen), or other anodyne medications may provide a modicum of just a short-term relief. Initial dose titration and for breakthrough pain should limit the role of short-acting opioids. According to pain specialists and physicians, long-acting opiates should be the lynchpin of treatment if narcotics and narcotic treatments are used for persistent pain. The results of studies done raise an important questions when dealing with narcotic prescription; that is, are physicians well trained in treating chronic conditions or how well are they informed about the prescription they are admitting. In implementation of the treatment one take a sample number of patients and prescribe the m with narcotic treatment drugs and non-narcotic drugs to another sample. Having in mind that chronic pain involves more than just transmission of noxious stimuli persistently through the nervous system but also a high culmination of dynamic process and highly elaborate inextricably bound to the sufferer’s cognitive, social, psychological and cultural history; it would be essential to create an experimental sample of tests. Administering the drugs in correct intervals to avoid any error within the collected results, and considering the experiment has a time frame a drug like hydrocodone/acetaminophen (7.5/500) can be admitted to the patient twelve times a week; for severe pains. The experiment will use the nonrandomized controlled clinic trails with an adequate number of patients that will of comparable conditions. Efforts should be put in place to consolidate physical education and management guidelines about chronic pains and narcotic medication so as to incorporate it medi cal education and continuing medical training. Evaluation of effectiveness and facets of chronic nonmalignant pains in a patient should be the first evaluation procedure one should undertake before use of narcotic. Also the physician or pain specialist should have the appropriate care and measure tools to conduct the experiments. Understanding the current use and effects of narcotic drugs for chronic pains is also a prior practice the physician should undertake (Perry G. F., 2010). Before measuring the outcome, there should be an already available and clear medical review for the patients. The components of this review include; duration, location type, patterns and intensity of the pain; factors that intensify or reduce the pain; prior and current psychiatric and medical conditions; impacts of the pain on mood, functioning and sleep; the patients’ expectations of treatment; the previous use and prescription of pain medications; social environment description of the patients; patients’ history including the physical examination of both the patient and family history. After conduction the above measures then the medication is done, and within the specified period of 30days the results are collected and represented with tables and graphs if possible. From this information collected, the following outcomes will be measured; amount of prescription of the drug; also patient behavior after the medication, the

Corporate Governance Score and Firm Performance

Corporate Governance Score and Firm Performance Limited liability company structure is the most preferred structure for a large business. In this structure, a large number of investors provide the risk capital. They are called shareholders, the deemed owners of the company. They delegate the power to manage the company to board of directors. The board delegates the same to managers while retaining its role to monitor and control the executive management. Shareholders are viewed as the principal and the manager as their agents and this relationship is described as principal-agent relationship. The shareholders, of a widely held firm, practically do not have any control on the managers. They are only informed of the financial results on a periodical basis while the managers controls the firms assets. This structure provides an opportunity to the managers to expropriate shareholders wealth and misappropriate the funds by way of transfer of money as loans to his own companies, or sale of the company assets to themselves at a lesser pr ice or pay themselves more perks. The divergence of interest between the owners and the managers, due to the separation of ownership from control, results in the agency costs. It is not just separation of ownership and control that gives rise to the agency problem between shareholders and managers; but also the atomistic or diffused nature of corporate ownership, which is characterized by a large number of small shareholders. In such ownership structure, there is no incentive for any one owner to monitor corporate management, because the individual owner would bear the entire monitoring costs, yet all shareholders would enjoy the benefits. Thus, both the magnitude and nature of agency problems are directly related to ownership structures. The fundamental theoretical basis of corporate governance is agency costs. The core of corporate governance is designing and putting in place disclosures, monitoring, oversight and corrective systems that can align the objectives of the shareholders and managers as closely as possible and hence, minimize agency costs. It deals with conducting the affairs of a company such that there is fairness to all stakeholders and that its actions benefit the greatest number of stakeholders. There are two kinds of mechanisms to overcome the agency problem and hence, improve corporate governance viz., the internal control mechanisms and the external control mechanisms. Internal control mechanisms are internal to the functioning of a company and broadly consist of the board composition, the board size, the leadership structure and the managerial compensation. External control mechanisms are the mechanisms that are external to the functioning of the firm over which the firm has no control. An increasingly important external control mechanism affecting governance worldwide is the emergence of institutional investors as equity owners. Although the role that the institutional investors can play in the corporate governance system of a company is a controversial question and a subject of continuing debate. While some believe that the institutional investors must interfere in the corporate governance system of a company, others believe that these investors have other investment objectives to follow. The group of observers who believe that institutional investors need not play a role in the corporate governance system of a company, argue that the investment objectives and the compensation system in the institutional investing companies often discourage their active participation in the corporate governance system of the companies. Institutional investors are answerable to their investors the way the companies (in which they have invested) are answerable to their shareholders. And the shareholders do invest their funds with the institutional investors expecting higher returns. The primary responsibility of the instituti onal investors is therefore to invest the money of the investors in companies, which are expected to generate the maximum possible return rather than in companies with good corporate governance records. While the other group strongly believes that if the corporate governance system in the companies has to succeed then the institutional investors must play an active role in the entire process. By virtue of their large stockholdings, they have the opportunity, resources, and ability to monitor, discipline and influence managers, which can force them to focus more on corporate performance and less on self-serving behavior. Most of the reports on corporate governance have also emphasized the role that the institutional investors have to play in the entire system. Given the increasing presence of institutional investors in financial markets, it is not surprising that they have become more active in their role as shareholders. Activism by institutional investors has been both private and public, with the public activism being most visible in many countries. The role of institutional investors is visualized in two perspectives, the corporate governance and the firm performance. 7.2 Objectives of Study In light of the above discussion, the present study attempts to achieve the following objectives: To construct the corporate governance score To establish relationship between institutional holdings and corporate  governance score To establish relationship between institutional holdings and firm performance To establish relationship between corporate governance score and  firm performance In order to achieve the objectives stated above, the present study conceptualized the following null hypotheses for the validation of positive relationship between institutional holdings, corporate governance and firm performance 7.3 Hypotheses: H01: Institutional/its components Holdings and Corporate Governance score are  very closely related in a manner as to depict a positive relationship between  the two H02: Corporate Governance Score and Institutional/its components Holdings are  also very closely related in a manner as to depict positive relationship  between the two H03: Institutional/its components Holdings and various measures of firm  performance are very closely related in a manner as to depict  positive relationship between the two H04: Corporate Governance Score and various measures of firm performance  are very closely related in a manner as to depict positive relationship between  the two 7.4 The Sample Design and Data: To achieve the above objectives, a sample of 200 companies has been taken. The present study is based on the secondary data. It covers a period of five financial years from 1st April 2004 to 31st March 2008. Institutional holdings are further segregated into three constituents. The mutual funds being the first one. The second constituent includes various public and private sector banks, all the developmental financial institutions (like IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, SFC) and insurance companies like the LIC, GIC, and their subsidiaries. The last constituent comprise of foreign institutional investors. Data has been collected on the institutional holdings in total as well as on different constituents of institutional holdings from nseindia.com. The secondary data regarding annual reports to construct the corporate governance score have been collected from respective company websites and sebiedifar.com. . The firm performance measures have been divided into two categories, one being the accountin g measures while others are based on market returns. The accounting return measures include (%) return on networth, (%) return on capital employed, Profit After Tax, (%) Return on Assets, Net Profit Margin and Earning Per Share. Whereas, market return based measures include Tobins Q, (%) Risk Adjusted Excess Return and (%) Dividend Yield. Data for the study period on financial performance measures have been collected from Prowess Database. 7.5 Statistical Tools: Simple linear regression analysis has been used as a statistical tool to investigate the relationship between different variables. An attempt has been made to ascertain the causal effect of one variable upon another. Data has been assembled on the variables of interest and employed regression to estimate the quantitative effect of the causal variables upon the variable that they influence. The study also typically assesses the statistical significance at 5 percent level of the estimated relationships, that is, the degree of confidence that the true relationship is close to the estimated relationship. Section A 7.6 Construction of Corporate Governance Score Review of Literature Some researchers have used board characteristics as an effective measure of corporate governance as Hermalin and Weisbach (1998, 2003) have used board independence, Bhagat, Carey and Elson (1999) have used stock ownership of board members and Brickley, Coles and Jarrell (1997) have used the occupation of Chairman and CEO positions by the same or two different individuals. Whereas, Gompers, Ishii and Metrick (2003) have constructed a governance measure comprising of an equally weighted index of 24 corporate governance provisions compiled by the Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC), such as, poison pills, golden parachutes, classified boards, cumulative voting, and supermajority rules to approve mergers. Bebchuk, Cohen and Ferrell (BCF, 2004) created an entrenchment index comprising of six provisions – four provisions that limit Shareholder rights and two that make potential hostile takeovers more difficult. While the above noted studies use IRRC data, Brown and Caylor (2004) used Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) data to create their governance index. This index considered 51corporate governance features encompassing eight corporate governance categories: audit, board of directors, charter/bylaws, director education, executive and director compensation, ownership, progressive practices, and state of incorporation. In the present study, Corporate Governance Score has been developed on the basis of key characteristics of Standard and Poors Transparency and Disclosure Benchmark. Standard and Poors provides a range of corporate governance analyses and services, the crux of which is the Corporate Governance Score. Corporate Governance Scores are based on an assessment of the qualitative aspects of corporate governance practices of a company. Information has been collected on the attributes from the latest available annual reports of sample companies. The methodology, with 98 questions in three categories and 12 sub-categories, is designed to balance the conflicting requirements of the range of issues analyzed and the tractability of the analysis. Transparency and Disclosure is evaluated by searching company annual reports for the 98  possible attributes broadly divided into the following three broad categories: Ownership structure and investor rights (28 attributes) Financial transparency and information disclosure (35 attributes) Board and management structure and process (35 attributes) Resume Various researchers have considered alternate measures of corporate governance. Some of them have used single measure, while others have used the multiple measures in the form of indices. In the present study, Corporate Governance Score has been developed on the basis of key characteristics of Standard and Poors Transparency and Disclosure Benchmark because two broad instruments that reduce agency costs and hence improve corporate governance are financial and non-financial disclosures and independent oversight of management. Improving the quality of financial and non-financial disclosures not only ensures corporate transparency among a wide group of investors, analysts and the informed intelligentsia, but also persuades companies to minimize value-destroying deviant behavior. This is precisely why law insists that companies prepare their audited annual accounts, and that these be provided to all shareholders is deposited with the Registrar of Companies. This is also why a good deal o f effort in global corporate governance reform has been directed to improve the quality and frequency of disclosures. Section B Relationship between Institutional Holdings and Corporate Governance: Review of Literature Coombes and Watson (2000) on the basis of a survey of more than 200 institutional investors with investments across the world showed that governance is a significant factor in their investment decision. McCahery, Sautner and Starks (2009) have relied on the survey data to investigate governance preference of 118 institutional investors in U.S. and Netherlands. The study found that the majority of institutions that responded to the survey take into account firm governance in portfolio weighting decisions and are willing to engage in activities that can improve the governance of their portfolio firms. Chung, Firth, and Kim (2002) hypothesized that there will be less opportunistic earnings management in firms with more institutional investor ownership because the institutions will either put pressure on the firms to adopt better accounting policies. Hartzell and Starks (2003) provided empirical evidence suggesting institutional investors serve a monitoring role with regard to executive compensation contracts. One implication of these results, consistent with the theoretical literature regarding the role of the large shareholder, is that institutions have greater influence when they have larger proportional stakes in firms. . Denis and Denis (1994) found no evidence to suggest that there is any relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance. They stated that if companies that create shareholders wealth are the ones with poor corporate governance practices, and then one really cannot blame the institutional investors for having invested in such companies. For, after all, a fund manager will be evaluated on the basis of stock returns he creates for the unit holders and not on the basis of the corporate governance records of the company he invests the money in. If however, one finds that companies with poor corporate governance practices are the ones, which have consistently destroyed shareholders wealth, then the contention that the institutional investors need not look at corporate governance records cannot be justified. David and Kochhar (1996) provided empirical evidence regarding impact of institutional investors on firm behaviour and performance is mixed and that no definite concl usions can be drawn. They argued that various institutional obstacles, such as barriers stemming from business relationships, the regulatory environment and information processing limitations, might prevent institutional investors from effectively exercising their corporate governance function. Almazan, Hartzell and Starks (2003) provided evidence both theoretical and empirical that the monitoring influence of institutional investors on executive compensation can depend on the current or prospective business relation between the institution and the corporation. They concluded that the monitoring influence of institutions is associated more with potentially active institutions (investment companies and pension fund managers who would be less sensitive to pressure from corporate management due to lack of potential business relations) than with potentially passive institutions (banks and insurance companies who would be more pressure-sensitive). Davis and Kim (2006) found that mutual funds with conflicts of interest (based on management of pension assets) more often vote with management in general. On the other hand, mutual funds have more incentive and power to oppose management in firms in which they have a larger stake. Marsh (1997) has argued that short-term performance measurement does work against the active monitoring by institutional investors. The performance of fund managers is evaluated over a shorter time period. Hence, they act under tremendous pressure to beat some index. So, when they find a case of bad governance, they find it economical to sell the stock rather than interfere in the functioning of the company and incur monitoring costs. Ashraf and Jayaman (2007) examined mutual funds trading behavior after the release of voting records. The study found that funds that support shareholder proposals reduce holdings after the release of voting records. Since the time of releasing voting records could be very far from the shareholder meeting date, mutual funds trading behavior after the release of voting records may be unrelated to the votes cast in the meeting. Aggarwal, Klapper and Wysocki (2003) found that U.S. mutual funds tend to invest greater amounts in countries with stronger share holder rights and legal frameworks (controlling for the countrys economic development). In addition, within the countries, the mutual funds also discriminate on the basis of governance in that they allocate more of their assets to firms with better corporate governance structures. Payne, Millar, and Glezen (1996) focussed on banks as one type of institutional investor that would be expected to have business relations with the firms in which they invest. They examined interlocking directorships and income-related relationships, and noticed that when such relations exist; banks tend to vote in favor of management anti-takeover amendment proposals. When such relations dont exist, banks tend to vote against the management proposals. Brickley, Lease and Smith (1988) found evidence supporting the hypothesis that firms with greater holdings by pressure-sensitive shareholders (banks and insurance companies) have more proxy votes cast in favor of managements recommendations. Moreover, firms with greater holdings by pressure-insensitive shareholders (pension funds and mutual funds) have more proxy votes against managements recommendations. The authors differentiated between the different types of institutional investors, noting the difference between pressure-sensitive and pressure-insensitive institutional shareholders and arguing that pressure-sensitive institutions are more likely to go along with management decisions. Dahlquist et al. (2003) analyzed foreign ownership and firm characteristics for the Swedish market. The study found that foreigners have greater presence in large firms, firms paying low dividends and in firms with large cash holdings. Haw, Hu, Hwang and Wu (2004) found that firm level factors cause information asymmetry problems to FII. It found evidence that US investment is lower in firms where managers do not have effective control. Foreign investment in firms that appear to engage in more earnings management is lower in countries with poor information framework. Choe, Kho, Stulz (2005) found that US investors do indeed hold fewer shares in firms with ownership structures that are more conducive to expropriation by controlling insiders. In companies where insiders are dominating information access and availability to the shareholders will be limited. With less information, foreign investors face an adverse selection problem. So they under invest in such stocks. Leuz, Lins, and Wa rnock (2008) found that foreign institutional investors prefer to invest in firms with better governance practices. In the present study, the analysis has been conducted in three perspectives: Dynamics of institutional holdings and its composition (2) Relationship between Institutional Holdings (explanatory variable) and the Corporate Governance Score (dependent variable) (3) Relationship between the Corporate Governance Score (explanatory variable) and Institutional Holdings (dependent variable) The major findings of the present study on the above aspects are summarized as under: The results outputs of the first segment depict that the institutional investors have increased their proportional holdings in the companies over the years. The number of sampled companies with higher institutional holdings has increased where as the number of companies with lower proportions of institutional holdings has decreased over the study period. Hence, institutional holdings have shown an increasing trend of investment in the sampled companies over the study period. As far as the dynamics of components of institutional investors is concerned, no specific trend is observed in investments of mutual funds. On the other hand Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies have shown declining trends of investments over the same period. Where as, foreign institutional investors have shown the increasing trends of investments in line with institutional holdings. The results outputs pertaining to the analysis of relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance state that the larger proportions of institutional holdings have higher corporate governance scores in sampled companies and the smaller proportions of institutional holdings have lower governance scores in the sampled companies over the study period. Thus, very strong and positive relationship is established between institutional holdings and corporate governance. Hence, H01 is accepted. The results outputs of the section analyzing the relationship between corporate governance score and institutional holdings describe that the companies with higher governance scores have larger proportions of investments from institutional investors than the companies with lower governance scores. Therefore, very strong and positive relationship also exists between corporate governance score and institutional holdings. Hence, H02 is accepted. The inference can be drawn that institut ional holdings pre-empts good corporate governance still at other times, good corporate governance endues institutional investment in the firm. The results outputs pertaining to the analysis of relationship between mutual funds and corporate governance reveal out that smaller proportions of mutual funds holdings have higher governance score in the sampled companies and larger proportions of mutual funds holdings have lower governance scores in the sampled companies over the study period. Therefore, weak relationship exists between mutual funds holdings and corporate governance score. Hence, H01 is rejected. Alternatively, the results outputs pertaining to the analysis of relationship between corporate governance and components of institutional holdings reveal out that the companies with lower governance scores have larger proportions of mutual funds holdings to the companies with higher governance scores over the study period. Hence, weak relationship also exists between corporate governance score and mutual funds holdings. Hence, H02 is rejected. It can be inferred from the above outcomes that mutual funds companies do not observe good governance practices in companies and simultaneously, good governed companies also do not attract higher mutual funds investments. The results outputs as to the relationship between Banks, FIs and ICs and corporate governance depict that larger proportions of Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies holdings have higher governance score and smaller proportions of holdings have lower governance score in the sampled companies over the study period. Therefore, very strong and positive relationship is established between Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies holdings and corporate governance score. Hence, H01 is accepted. Similarly, the sampled companies with higher governance scores have larger proportions of Banks, FIs and ICs holdings to the companies with lower governance scores. Thus, very strong and positive relationship also exists between corporate governance score and Banks, FIs and ICs holdings. Hence, H02 is also accepted. The inference can be drawn on the basis of above results that Banks, FIs and ICs consider governance practices in companies while taking investment decision and alternatively, good governed companies also attract these investments. The results outputs pertaining to the relationship between FII holdings and corporate governance reveal out that the companies in which FIIs have larger proportions of holdings have higher governance score to the companies in which FIIs have smaller proportions of holdings. Therefore, very strong and positive relationship is observed between FII holdings and corporate governance score. Hence, H01 is accepted. Likewise, the sampled companies with higher governance scores have also larger proportions of Foreign Institutional Investors holdings. Thus, very strong and positive relationship also exists between corporate governance score and FII holdings. Hence, H02 is accepted. It can be inferred on the basis of above result that foreign institutional investors prefer to invest in firms with better governance practices and their investment do improve the governance practices in the companies. Resume The theoretical and empirical literature provides mixed evidence as to the relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance. Some of the studies put forth the evidence that corporate governance is the significant factor for institutional investment decision and their significant investment improve the governance practices in companies, while the other studies state otherwise. Where as the research findings of the present study further validate, support and enrich the literature on positive association between institutional holdings and corporate governance. Likewise, the studies provide inconclusive evidence as to the relationship between mutual funds holdings and corporate governance. But the findings of present study state that neither the mutual funds care about the governance practices of companies or their presence improve them. Similarly, the empirical literature provides indeterminate evidence on the relationship between Banks, FIs and ICs and corporate governance. But the findings of present study observe very strong and positive relationship between the two. The empirical studies observe consistent results as to foreign institutional investors invest in better-governed companies but lacks evidence that their significant presence result in better governance. The findings of present study indicate that FIIs do not care for the corporate governance only, rather their higher stake ensure better governance too. Section C 7.8 Relationship between Institutional Holdings and Firm Performance: Review of Literature Pound (1988) explored the influence of institutional ownerships on firm performance and proposed three hypotheses on the relation between institutional shareholders and firm performance: efficient-monitoring hypothesis, conflict-of-interest hypothesis, and strategic-alignment hypothesis. The efficient-monitoring hypothesis says that institutional investors have greater expertise and can monitor management at lower cost than the small atomistic shareholders. Consequently, this argument predicts a positive relationship between institutional shareholding and firm performance. Holderness and Sheehan (1988) found that for a sample of 114 US firms controlled by a majority shareholder with more than 50% of shares, both Tobins Q and accounting profits are significantly lower for firms with individual majority owners than for firms with corporate majority owners. McConnell and Servaes (1990) found a strong positive relationship between the value of the firm and the fraction of shares held by institutional investors. They found that performance increases significantly with institutional ownership. Majumdar and Nagarajan (1994) found that levels of institutional investment are positively related to the current performance levels of firms. However, a less-stronger, though positive, effect is established between changes in performance levels and changes in institutional ownership. The results are based on a study investigating U.S. institutional investors investment strategy. Han and Suk (1998) found (for a sample of US firms) that stock returns are positively related to ownership by institutional investors, thus implying that these corporate owners are actively involved in the monitoring of incumbent management. Douma, Rejie and Kabir (2006) investigated the impact of foreign institutional investment on the performance of emerging market firms and found that there is positive effect of foreign ownership on firm performance. They also found impact of foreign investment on the business group affiliation of firms. Investor protection is poor in case of firms with controlling shareh olders who have ability to expropriate assets. The block shareholders affect the value of the firm and influence the private benefits they receive from the firm. Companies with such shareholders find it expensive to raise external funds. Studies examining the relationship between institutional holdings and firm performance in different countries (mainly OECD countries) have produced mixed results. Chaganti and Damanpour (1991) and Lowenstein (1991) find little evidence that institutional ownership is correlated with firm performance. Seifert, Gonenc and Wright (2005) study does not find a consistent relationship across countries. They conclude that their inconsistent results may reflect the fact that the influence of institutional investors on firm performance is location specific. The above studies generally consider institutional investors as a monolithic group. However, Shleifer and Vishnys (1986) as well as Pounds (1988) theorizations and later empirical examinations by McConnell and Servaes (1990) suggest that shareholders are differentiable and pursue different agendas. Jensen and Merkling (1976) also show that equity ownerships by different groups have different effects on the firm performance. Agrawal and Kno eber (1996), Karpoff et al. (1996), Duggal and Miller (1999) and Faccio and Lasfer (2000) find no such significant relation between institutional holdings and firm performance. In the present study, the analysis has been conducted in two perspectives: Institutional Holdings and Firm performance (b) Constituents of institutional holdings and Firm performance The major findings of the present study on the above aspects are summarized as under: The results outputs of the first segment indicate that there is no conclusive evidence as to larger proportions of institutional holdings in sampled companies have higher average return on networth or average net profit margin and smaller proportions of institutional holdings in sampled companies have lower average return on networth or average net profit margin over the study period. To the contrary, strong and positive relationship is observed between institutional holdings and return on capital employed as well as institutional holdings and earning per share. As the average return on capital employed and average earning per share are higher in the sampled companies with higher proportions of institutional holdings and lower in the sampled companies with lower proportions of institutional holdings over the study period. Therefore, it is stated that institutional holdings and two accounting returns (return on capital employed and earning per share) are significantly correlated where as institutional holdings and other two accounting returns (return on networth and net profit margin) are not related. Hence, there is no clear evidence that institutional holdings and accounting returns are related. Likewise, strong and positive relationship is observed between institutional holdings and Tobins q. But on the other hand, weak relationship is observed between institutional holdings and risk adjusted excess return. Therefore, institutional holdings and one market-based return are significantly correlated while the institutional holdings and another market-based return are not. Thus, the findings depict contradictory results as to the relationship between institutional holdings and market Corporate Governance Score and Firm Performance Corporate Governance Score and Firm Performance Limited liability company structure is the most preferred structure for a large business. In this structure, a large number of investors provide the risk capital. They are called shareholders, the deemed owners of the company. They delegate the power to manage the company to board of directors. The board delegates the same to managers while retaining its role to monitor and control the executive management. Shareholders are viewed as the principal and the manager as their agents and this relationship is described as principal-agent relationship. The shareholders, of a widely held firm, practically do not have any control on the managers. They are only informed of the financial results on a periodical basis while the managers controls the firms assets. This structure provides an opportunity to the managers to expropriate shareholders wealth and misappropriate the funds by way of transfer of money as loans to his own companies, or sale of the company assets to themselves at a lesser pr ice or pay themselves more perks. The divergence of interest between the owners and the managers, due to the separation of ownership from control, results in the agency costs. It is not just separation of ownership and control that gives rise to the agency problem between shareholders and managers; but also the atomistic or diffused nature of corporate ownership, which is characterized by a large number of small shareholders. In such ownership structure, there is no incentive for any one owner to monitor corporate management, because the individual owner would bear the entire monitoring costs, yet all shareholders would enjoy the benefits. Thus, both the magnitude and nature of agency problems are directly related to ownership structures. The fundamental theoretical basis of corporate governance is agency costs. The core of corporate governance is designing and putting in place disclosures, monitoring, oversight and corrective systems that can align the objectives of the shareholders and managers as closely as possible and hence, minimize agency costs. It deals with conducting the affairs of a company such that there is fairness to all stakeholders and that its actions benefit the greatest number of stakeholders. There are two kinds of mechanisms to overcome the agency problem and hence, improve corporate governance viz., the internal control mechanisms and the external control mechanisms. Internal control mechanisms are internal to the functioning of a company and broadly consist of the board composition, the board size, the leadership structure and the managerial compensation. External control mechanisms are the mechanisms that are external to the functioning of the firm over which the firm has no control. An increasingly important external control mechanism affecting governance worldwide is the emergence of institutional investors as equity owners. Although the role that the institutional investors can play in the corporate governance system of a company is a controversial question and a subject of continuing debate. While some believe that the institutional investors must interfere in the corporate governance system of a company, others believe that these investors have other investment objectives to follow. The group of observers who believe that institutional investors need not play a role in the corporate governance system of a company, argue that the investment objectives and the compensation system in the institutional investing companies often discourage their active participation in the corporate governance system of the companies. Institutional investors are answerable to their investors the way the companies (in which they have invested) are answerable to their shareholders. And the shareholders do invest their funds with the institutional investors expecting higher returns. The primary responsibility of the instituti onal investors is therefore to invest the money of the investors in companies, which are expected to generate the maximum possible return rather than in companies with good corporate governance records. While the other group strongly believes that if the corporate governance system in the companies has to succeed then the institutional investors must play an active role in the entire process. By virtue of their large stockholdings, they have the opportunity, resources, and ability to monitor, discipline and influence managers, which can force them to focus more on corporate performance and less on self-serving behavior. Most of the reports on corporate governance have also emphasized the role that the institutional investors have to play in the entire system. Given the increasing presence of institutional investors in financial markets, it is not surprising that they have become more active in their role as shareholders. Activism by institutional investors has been both private and public, with the public activism being most visible in many countries. The role of institutional investors is visualized in two perspectives, the corporate governance and the firm performance. 7.2 Objectives of Study In light of the above discussion, the present study attempts to achieve the following objectives: To construct the corporate governance score To establish relationship between institutional holdings and corporate  governance score To establish relationship between institutional holdings and firm performance To establish relationship between corporate governance score and  firm performance In order to achieve the objectives stated above, the present study conceptualized the following null hypotheses for the validation of positive relationship between institutional holdings, corporate governance and firm performance 7.3 Hypotheses: H01: Institutional/its components Holdings and Corporate Governance score are  very closely related in a manner as to depict a positive relationship between  the two H02: Corporate Governance Score and Institutional/its components Holdings are  also very closely related in a manner as to depict positive relationship  between the two H03: Institutional/its components Holdings and various measures of firm  performance are very closely related in a manner as to depict  positive relationship between the two H04: Corporate Governance Score and various measures of firm performance  are very closely related in a manner as to depict positive relationship between  the two 7.4 The Sample Design and Data: To achieve the above objectives, a sample of 200 companies has been taken. The present study is based on the secondary data. It covers a period of five financial years from 1st April 2004 to 31st March 2008. Institutional holdings are further segregated into three constituents. The mutual funds being the first one. The second constituent includes various public and private sector banks, all the developmental financial institutions (like IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, SFC) and insurance companies like the LIC, GIC, and their subsidiaries. The last constituent comprise of foreign institutional investors. Data has been collected on the institutional holdings in total as well as on different constituents of institutional holdings from nseindia.com. The secondary data regarding annual reports to construct the corporate governance score have been collected from respective company websites and sebiedifar.com. . The firm performance measures have been divided into two categories, one being the accountin g measures while others are based on market returns. The accounting return measures include (%) return on networth, (%) return on capital employed, Profit After Tax, (%) Return on Assets, Net Profit Margin and Earning Per Share. Whereas, market return based measures include Tobins Q, (%) Risk Adjusted Excess Return and (%) Dividend Yield. Data for the study period on financial performance measures have been collected from Prowess Database. 7.5 Statistical Tools: Simple linear regression analysis has been used as a statistical tool to investigate the relationship between different variables. An attempt has been made to ascertain the causal effect of one variable upon another. Data has been assembled on the variables of interest and employed regression to estimate the quantitative effect of the causal variables upon the variable that they influence. The study also typically assesses the statistical significance at 5 percent level of the estimated relationships, that is, the degree of confidence that the true relationship is close to the estimated relationship. Section A 7.6 Construction of Corporate Governance Score Review of Literature Some researchers have used board characteristics as an effective measure of corporate governance as Hermalin and Weisbach (1998, 2003) have used board independence, Bhagat, Carey and Elson (1999) have used stock ownership of board members and Brickley, Coles and Jarrell (1997) have used the occupation of Chairman and CEO positions by the same or two different individuals. Whereas, Gompers, Ishii and Metrick (2003) have constructed a governance measure comprising of an equally weighted index of 24 corporate governance provisions compiled by the Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC), such as, poison pills, golden parachutes, classified boards, cumulative voting, and supermajority rules to approve mergers. Bebchuk, Cohen and Ferrell (BCF, 2004) created an entrenchment index comprising of six provisions – four provisions that limit Shareholder rights and two that make potential hostile takeovers more difficult. While the above noted studies use IRRC data, Brown and Caylor (2004) used Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) data to create their governance index. This index considered 51corporate governance features encompassing eight corporate governance categories: audit, board of directors, charter/bylaws, director education, executive and director compensation, ownership, progressive practices, and state of incorporation. In the present study, Corporate Governance Score has been developed on the basis of key characteristics of Standard and Poors Transparency and Disclosure Benchmark. Standard and Poors provides a range of corporate governance analyses and services, the crux of which is the Corporate Governance Score. Corporate Governance Scores are based on an assessment of the qualitative aspects of corporate governance practices of a company. Information has been collected on the attributes from the latest available annual reports of sample companies. The methodology, with 98 questions in three categories and 12 sub-categories, is designed to balance the conflicting requirements of the range of issues analyzed and the tractability of the analysis. Transparency and Disclosure is evaluated by searching company annual reports for the 98  possible attributes broadly divided into the following three broad categories: Ownership structure and investor rights (28 attributes) Financial transparency and information disclosure (35 attributes) Board and management structure and process (35 attributes) Resume Various researchers have considered alternate measures of corporate governance. Some of them have used single measure, while others have used the multiple measures in the form of indices. In the present study, Corporate Governance Score has been developed on the basis of key characteristics of Standard and Poors Transparency and Disclosure Benchmark because two broad instruments that reduce agency costs and hence improve corporate governance are financial and non-financial disclosures and independent oversight of management. Improving the quality of financial and non-financial disclosures not only ensures corporate transparency among a wide group of investors, analysts and the informed intelligentsia, but also persuades companies to minimize value-destroying deviant behavior. This is precisely why law insists that companies prepare their audited annual accounts, and that these be provided to all shareholders is deposited with the Registrar of Companies. This is also why a good deal o f effort in global corporate governance reform has been directed to improve the quality and frequency of disclosures. Section B Relationship between Institutional Holdings and Corporate Governance: Review of Literature Coombes and Watson (2000) on the basis of a survey of more than 200 institutional investors with investments across the world showed that governance is a significant factor in their investment decision. McCahery, Sautner and Starks (2009) have relied on the survey data to investigate governance preference of 118 institutional investors in U.S. and Netherlands. The study found that the majority of institutions that responded to the survey take into account firm governance in portfolio weighting decisions and are willing to engage in activities that can improve the governance of their portfolio firms. Chung, Firth, and Kim (2002) hypothesized that there will be less opportunistic earnings management in firms with more institutional investor ownership because the institutions will either put pressure on the firms to adopt better accounting policies. Hartzell and Starks (2003) provided empirical evidence suggesting institutional investors serve a monitoring role with regard to executive compensation contracts. One implication of these results, consistent with the theoretical literature regarding the role of the large shareholder, is that institutions have greater influence when they have larger proportional stakes in firms. . Denis and Denis (1994) found no evidence to suggest that there is any relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance. They stated that if companies that create shareholders wealth are the ones with poor corporate governance practices, and then one really cannot blame the institutional investors for having invested in such companies. For, after all, a fund manager will be evaluated on the basis of stock returns he creates for the unit holders and not on the basis of the corporate governance records of the company he invests the money in. If however, one finds that companies with poor corporate governance practices are the ones, which have consistently destroyed shareholders wealth, then the contention that the institutional investors need not look at corporate governance records cannot be justified. David and Kochhar (1996) provided empirical evidence regarding impact of institutional investors on firm behaviour and performance is mixed and that no definite concl usions can be drawn. They argued that various institutional obstacles, such as barriers stemming from business relationships, the regulatory environment and information processing limitations, might prevent institutional investors from effectively exercising their corporate governance function. Almazan, Hartzell and Starks (2003) provided evidence both theoretical and empirical that the monitoring influence of institutional investors on executive compensation can depend on the current or prospective business relation between the institution and the corporation. They concluded that the monitoring influence of institutions is associated more with potentially active institutions (investment companies and pension fund managers who would be less sensitive to pressure from corporate management due to lack of potential business relations) than with potentially passive institutions (banks and insurance companies who would be more pressure-sensitive). Davis and Kim (2006) found that mutual funds with conflicts of interest (based on management of pension assets) more often vote with management in general. On the other hand, mutual funds have more incentive and power to oppose management in firms in which they have a larger stake. Marsh (1997) has argued that short-term performance measurement does work against the active monitoring by institutional investors. The performance of fund managers is evaluated over a shorter time period. Hence, they act under tremendous pressure to beat some index. So, when they find a case of bad governance, they find it economical to sell the stock rather than interfere in the functioning of the company and incur monitoring costs. Ashraf and Jayaman (2007) examined mutual funds trading behavior after the release of voting records. The study found that funds that support shareholder proposals reduce holdings after the release of voting records. Since the time of releasing voting records could be very far from the shareholder meeting date, mutual funds trading behavior after the release of voting records may be unrelated to the votes cast in the meeting. Aggarwal, Klapper and Wysocki (2003) found that U.S. mutual funds tend to invest greater amounts in countries with stronger share holder rights and legal frameworks (controlling for the countrys economic development). In addition, within the countries, the mutual funds also discriminate on the basis of governance in that they allocate more of their assets to firms with better corporate governance structures. Payne, Millar, and Glezen (1996) focussed on banks as one type of institutional investor that would be expected to have business relations with the firms in which they invest. They examined interlocking directorships and income-related relationships, and noticed that when such relations exist; banks tend to vote in favor of management anti-takeover amendment proposals. When such relations dont exist, banks tend to vote against the management proposals. Brickley, Lease and Smith (1988) found evidence supporting the hypothesis that firms with greater holdings by pressure-sensitive shareholders (banks and insurance companies) have more proxy votes cast in favor of managements recommendations. Moreover, firms with greater holdings by pressure-insensitive shareholders (pension funds and mutual funds) have more proxy votes against managements recommendations. The authors differentiated between the different types of institutional investors, noting the difference between pressure-sensitive and pressure-insensitive institutional shareholders and arguing that pressure-sensitive institutions are more likely to go along with management decisions. Dahlquist et al. (2003) analyzed foreign ownership and firm characteristics for the Swedish market. The study found that foreigners have greater presence in large firms, firms paying low dividends and in firms with large cash holdings. Haw, Hu, Hwang and Wu (2004) found that firm level factors cause information asymmetry problems to FII. It found evidence that US investment is lower in firms where managers do not have effective control. Foreign investment in firms that appear to engage in more earnings management is lower in countries with poor information framework. Choe, Kho, Stulz (2005) found that US investors do indeed hold fewer shares in firms with ownership structures that are more conducive to expropriation by controlling insiders. In companies where insiders are dominating information access and availability to the shareholders will be limited. With less information, foreign investors face an adverse selection problem. So they under invest in such stocks. Leuz, Lins, and Wa rnock (2008) found that foreign institutional investors prefer to invest in firms with better governance practices. In the present study, the analysis has been conducted in three perspectives: Dynamics of institutional holdings and its composition (2) Relationship between Institutional Holdings (explanatory variable) and the Corporate Governance Score (dependent variable) (3) Relationship between the Corporate Governance Score (explanatory variable) and Institutional Holdings (dependent variable) The major findings of the present study on the above aspects are summarized as under: The results outputs of the first segment depict that the institutional investors have increased their proportional holdings in the companies over the years. The number of sampled companies with higher institutional holdings has increased where as the number of companies with lower proportions of institutional holdings has decreased over the study period. Hence, institutional holdings have shown an increasing trend of investment in the sampled companies over the study period. As far as the dynamics of components of institutional investors is concerned, no specific trend is observed in investments of mutual funds. On the other hand Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies have shown declining trends of investments over the same period. Where as, foreign institutional investors have shown the increasing trends of investments in line with institutional holdings. The results outputs pertaining to the analysis of relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance state that the larger proportions of institutional holdings have higher corporate governance scores in sampled companies and the smaller proportions of institutional holdings have lower governance scores in the sampled companies over the study period. Thus, very strong and positive relationship is established between institutional holdings and corporate governance. Hence, H01 is accepted. The results outputs of the section analyzing the relationship between corporate governance score and institutional holdings describe that the companies with higher governance scores have larger proportions of investments from institutional investors than the companies with lower governance scores. Therefore, very strong and positive relationship also exists between corporate governance score and institutional holdings. Hence, H02 is accepted. The inference can be drawn that institut ional holdings pre-empts good corporate governance still at other times, good corporate governance endues institutional investment in the firm. The results outputs pertaining to the analysis of relationship between mutual funds and corporate governance reveal out that smaller proportions of mutual funds holdings have higher governance score in the sampled companies and larger proportions of mutual funds holdings have lower governance scores in the sampled companies over the study period. Therefore, weak relationship exists between mutual funds holdings and corporate governance score. Hence, H01 is rejected. Alternatively, the results outputs pertaining to the analysis of relationship between corporate governance and components of institutional holdings reveal out that the companies with lower governance scores have larger proportions of mutual funds holdings to the companies with higher governance scores over the study period. Hence, weak relationship also exists between corporate governance score and mutual funds holdings. Hence, H02 is rejected. It can be inferred from the above outcomes that mutual funds companies do not observe good governance practices in companies and simultaneously, good governed companies also do not attract higher mutual funds investments. The results outputs as to the relationship between Banks, FIs and ICs and corporate governance depict that larger proportions of Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies holdings have higher governance score and smaller proportions of holdings have lower governance score in the sampled companies over the study period. Therefore, very strong and positive relationship is established between Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies holdings and corporate governance score. Hence, H01 is accepted. Similarly, the sampled companies with higher governance scores have larger proportions of Banks, FIs and ICs holdings to the companies with lower governance scores. Thus, very strong and positive relationship also exists between corporate governance score and Banks, FIs and ICs holdings. Hence, H02 is also accepted. The inference can be drawn on the basis of above results that Banks, FIs and ICs consider governance practices in companies while taking investment decision and alternatively, good governed companies also attract these investments. The results outputs pertaining to the relationship between FII holdings and corporate governance reveal out that the companies in which FIIs have larger proportions of holdings have higher governance score to the companies in which FIIs have smaller proportions of holdings. Therefore, very strong and positive relationship is observed between FII holdings and corporate governance score. Hence, H01 is accepted. Likewise, the sampled companies with higher governance scores have also larger proportions of Foreign Institutional Investors holdings. Thus, very strong and positive relationship also exists between corporate governance score and FII holdings. Hence, H02 is accepted. It can be inferred on the basis of above result that foreign institutional investors prefer to invest in firms with better governance practices and their investment do improve the governance practices in the companies. Resume The theoretical and empirical literature provides mixed evidence as to the relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance. Some of the studies put forth the evidence that corporate governance is the significant factor for institutional investment decision and their significant investment improve the governance practices in companies, while the other studies state otherwise. Where as the research findings of the present study further validate, support and enrich the literature on positive association between institutional holdings and corporate governance. Likewise, the studies provide inconclusive evidence as to the relationship between mutual funds holdings and corporate governance. But the findings of present study state that neither the mutual funds care about the governance practices of companies or their presence improve them. Similarly, the empirical literature provides indeterminate evidence on the relationship between Banks, FIs and ICs and corporate governance. But the findings of present study observe very strong and positive relationship between the two. The empirical studies observe consistent results as to foreign institutional investors invest in better-governed companies but lacks evidence that their significant presence result in better governance. The findings of present study indicate that FIIs do not care for the corporate governance only, rather their higher stake ensure better governance too. Section C 7.8 Relationship between Institutional Holdings and Firm Performance: Review of Literature Pound (1988) explored the influence of institutional ownerships on firm performance and proposed three hypotheses on the relation between institutional shareholders and firm performance: efficient-monitoring hypothesis, conflict-of-interest hypothesis, and strategic-alignment hypothesis. The efficient-monitoring hypothesis says that institutional investors have greater expertise and can monitor management at lower cost than the small atomistic shareholders. Consequently, this argument predicts a positive relationship between institutional shareholding and firm performance. Holderness and Sheehan (1988) found that for a sample of 114 US firms controlled by a majority shareholder with more than 50% of shares, both Tobins Q and accounting profits are significantly lower for firms with individual majority owners than for firms with corporate majority owners. McConnell and Servaes (1990) found a strong positive relationship between the value of the firm and the fraction of shares held by institutional investors. They found that performance increases significantly with institutional ownership. Majumdar and Nagarajan (1994) found that levels of institutional investment are positively related to the current performance levels of firms. However, a less-stronger, though positive, effect is established between changes in performance levels and changes in institutional ownership. The results are based on a study investigating U.S. institutional investors investment strategy. Han and Suk (1998) found (for a sample of US firms) that stock returns are positively related to ownership by institutional investors, thus implying that these corporate owners are actively involved in the monitoring of incumbent management. Douma, Rejie and Kabir (2006) investigated the impact of foreign institutional investment on the performance of emerging market firms and found that there is positive effect of foreign ownership on firm performance. They also found impact of foreign investment on the business group affiliation of firms. Investor protection is poor in case of firms with controlling shareh olders who have ability to expropriate assets. The block shareholders affect the value of the firm and influence the private benefits they receive from the firm. Companies with such shareholders find it expensive to raise external funds. Studies examining the relationship between institutional holdings and firm performance in different countries (mainly OECD countries) have produced mixed results. Chaganti and Damanpour (1991) and Lowenstein (1991) find little evidence that institutional ownership is correlated with firm performance. Seifert, Gonenc and Wright (2005) study does not find a consistent relationship across countries. They conclude that their inconsistent results may reflect the fact that the influence of institutional investors on firm performance is location specific. The above studies generally consider institutional investors as a monolithic group. However, Shleifer and Vishnys (1986) as well as Pounds (1988) theorizations and later empirical examinations by McConnell and Servaes (1990) suggest that shareholders are differentiable and pursue different agendas. Jensen and Merkling (1976) also show that equity ownerships by different groups have different effects on the firm performance. Agrawal and Kno eber (1996), Karpoff et al. (1996), Duggal and Miller (1999) and Faccio and Lasfer (2000) find no such significant relation between institutional holdings and firm performance. In the present study, the analysis has been conducted in two perspectives: Institutional Holdings and Firm performance (b) Constituents of institutional holdings and Firm performance The major findings of the present study on the above aspects are summarized as under: The results outputs of the first segment indicate that there is no conclusive evidence as to larger proportions of institutional holdings in sampled companies have higher average return on networth or average net profit margin and smaller proportions of institutional holdings in sampled companies have lower average return on networth or average net profit margin over the study period. To the contrary, strong and positive relationship is observed between institutional holdings and return on capital employed as well as institutional holdings and earning per share. As the average return on capital employed and average earning per share are higher in the sampled companies with higher proportions of institutional holdings and lower in the sampled companies with lower proportions of institutional holdings over the study period. Therefore, it is stated that institutional holdings and two accounting returns (return on capital employed and earning per share) are significantly correlated where as institutional holdings and other two accounting returns (return on networth and net profit margin) are not related. Hence, there is no clear evidence that institutional holdings and accounting returns are related. Likewise, strong and positive relationship is observed between institutional holdings and Tobins q. But on the other hand, weak relationship is observed between institutional holdings and risk adjusted excess return. Therefore, institutional holdings and one market-based return are significantly correlated while the institutional holdings and another market-based return are not. Thus, the findings depict contradictory results as to the relationship between institutional holdings and market